JULY 31, 2024: Widely used in medicine, Sonography — or ultrasonography — is possible to perform both in diagnosis and therapeutic procedures.
Sonographers are usually medical professionals who perform scans for diagnostic purposes.
Kilohertz and Frequency Range
While the audible range of sound is up to 20 kilohertz, ultrasound is frequency greater than 20 khz.
Typical diagnostic sonographic scanners operate in the 2-18-megahertz frequency range
Sonographers have experimentally used frequencies up to 50-100 mhz., a technique known as biomicroscopy in special regions
These frequencies are hundreds of times greater than the limit of human hearing, which is typically accepted as 20 khz.
The choice of frequency is a trade-off between spatial resolution of the image and imaging depth: lower frequencies produce less resolution but image deeper into the body
Sonography is effective for imaging soft tissues of the body
Superficial structures such as muscles, tendons, testes, breasts and neonatal brain are imaged at a higher frequency (7-18 MHz), providing better axial and lateral resolution.
Deeper structures such as liver and kidney are imaged at a lower frequency (1-6 MHz) with lower axial and lateral resolution but greater penetration.
Systems and Description
Cardiology. Echocardiography is an essential tool in cardiology, to diagnose e.g. dilatation of parts and functions of heart ventricles and valves.
Emergency Medicine. Point-of-care ultrasound expedites care of patients with right upper quadrant abdominal pain who may have gallstones or cholecystitis.
Gastroenterology. In abdominal sonography, solid organs (pancreas, aorta, inferior vena cava, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, kidneys, spleen) are imaged.
Gynecology. Gynecologic ultrasonography applies to female pelvic organs (uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes), bladder, adnexa, and recto-uterine pouch.
Neurology. Assessing blood flow and stenoses in the carotid arteries (carotid ultrasonography) and the big intracerebral arteries.
Obstetrics. Obstetrical ultrasound is commonly used during pregnancy to check on the development of the fetus.
Ophthalmology. A-scan ultrasound biometry/amplitude scan/A-mode provides data on eye length and determines common sight disorders. B-scan ultrasonography/B-scan produces cross-sectional view of eye and orbit.
Urology. In a pelvic sonogram, organs of the pelvic region (including uterus and ovaries) including the urinary bladder and prostate are imaged.
Musculoskeletal. Checks tendons, muscles, nerves, and bone surfaces.
Cardiovascular system. Arterial sonography assesses obstruction of arteries, diagnoses DVT (thrombosonography) and determines extent and severity of venous insufficiency (venosonography).
Therapeutic Applications
Therapeutic applications use ultrasound to bring heat or agitation into the body, hence the use of much higher energies than in diagnostic ultrasound. In many cases, the range of frequencies is very different.
Ultrasound may be used to clean teeth in dental hygiene.
Ultrasound sources may be used to generate regional heating and mechanical changes in biological tissue, e.g. in occupational therapy, physical therapy and cancer treatment.
Focused ultrasound surgery or high-intensity focused ultrasound (FUS/HIFU) generates highly localized heating to treat cysts and tumors (benign or malignant) using lower frequencies than diagnostic (250- 2000 kHz) but higher energies. FUS is often guided by MRI.
Focused ultrasound may be used to break up kidney stones by lithotripsy.
Ultrasound may be used for cataract treatment by phacoemulsification.
Additional physiological effects of low-intensity ultrasound (ability to stimulate bone-growth and potential to disrupt blood-brain barrier for drug delivery).
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Himex Corporation is one of the leading diagnostic medical imaging equipment distributors in the Philippines.
With 35 years of experience in the import, sales and after-sales of MRI, CT-scan, X-ray, and Ultrasound machines, Himex offers high-quality brand-new and pre-owned systems. And with over 1,200 installations at over 700 hospitals nationwide, Himex possesses unparalleled experience in sales and after-sales services.
Himex has also pioneered the joint-venture business model for imaging machines and has fostered partnerships with over 20 hospitals, serving over 2 million patients, answering the need of the community for quality-assured innovations and technological expertise in the field of medical instrumentation.
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